Important Interview Question

Project Explain

• Name of project
• Domain of project
• Finace
• Accounting
• Bigdata
• Network
• Brife Description or High Level Design (uper uper se btana ha jaise partens or friend ko btana ha)
• Low Level Design (Technology,framwork,Database,Tools used)

Challenges you Faced?

• 2 day or in week learn new technnolgies
• like argu with client do like this not this

exp

My project name is abc which is office managment system. Baixally this project manages the emplyee information. Like which day an employee joins a comapny, an which day employee leves the company with all employee persional details also we have added the functionality to view, add ,remove and filter out employees details

This project will be very benefical for all the companies to record all employee details, Now coming to low level design for this project we use python as a programing language and uses the Django framwork to create APIs and user interface we used sqlite data to store data and perforn the crud operation by using Django orm quries

For desining purpose we use HTML,CSS and Bootsrap for my role and responsibity there are 2 peoplr one is for frontend and one is for backend part,I was workingon the backend part of the application. In Django using Python toc reate the API and maintain the databases. I am responsible for handling the dat-today issues and fine-tuining the applications for enhance performmance and implementing the MVT architecture in developing this project. I am working closly with frontend developers to intergrate the APIs and I am managing code versioning with GitHub. So that all about my project

Claanging situation

One situation when the person who started this project initially as a frontend developer left So my manager asks me to take his duties as well, Till the time we find any new resource. So i Contributed as a frontend developer to this project for a while although i had no knowledge of HTML,CSS ,JS Boostrap,and i Learned all those technlogies and implemented the functionality So it was a quite a challengeing situation at the moment

any advancement to this project

yes we have all eployees details we can add the functionality to provide them the certain permissions, like access card functionalities whenver a persion is entering an ODC he/she has to scan his access card this will indicate which person is accessing which ODC at what time

So we can implement the functionalities inour projectas well

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Q1. What is the difference between is operator & == operator in Python

Ans. In general 'is' operator meant for reference comparsion or address compression i.e if two reference are pointing to same object then only is operator returns True.
== operator meants for cntent comparision i.e even though objects are different, if the content is the same then == operator return True

l1 = [10,20,30,40] l2 = [10,20,30,40]

print(l1 is l2) # False

id(l1) id(l2) # id are different

print(l1 ==l2) # True

l3 = l1

print(l1 is l3) # True Q2. Explain about Ternary operator or conditional operator?

 x = first_value if condition else second_value

If condition is True then first value will be considered otherewise second value will be considered.

eg - 1 find Max of 2 given number

max = a if a > b else b

Nesting of ternary operator is possible

max a if a>b and a>c else b if b >c else c Q3 . What are various in built data types avaliable in python?

first 5 are fundamental data types

1. int
2. float
3. complex   
4. str
5. bool

6. list
7. touple
8. set
9. dict 
10. frozenset
11. bytes
12. bytearray
13. range

Q4. Explain mutability and immutability with an example?

• Mutable means changeable where as immutable means non changeable.
• Onece we creates an object, if we are allowed to chances its content that object is said to be mutable object
• eg. list object is mutable
• l = [1,2,3,4]
• l[1] = 77
• Once we create an object, if we are not allowed to chnage its content then that object is said to be immutable.
• eg
  • t = (1,2,3,4)
  • t[1] = 777 # typeError

Q5. In python which object are mutable and which are immutable ans. All fundamentaldata types are immutable

• list -> mutable
• touple -> immutable
• set -> mutable
• Dict -> mutable
• frozenset -> immutable
• bytes -> immutable
• bytearrray ->mutable
• range -> immutable

Q.6 Explain the difference b/w list and touple? ans.

1. • List is group of comma seperated values with square brackets and sequare braketa are mandatory l= [10,20,30,40]
   • Tuple is a group of comma seprated value within parenthesis and paranthis are optional
   • t = (10,20,30,40)
   • t = 10,20,30,40
2. • List objects are mutable i.e once we creates list object, we can changes its content l[0] = 777
   • Touple objects are immutable i.e once we create touple object,we are not allowed to change its content t[0] = 777 # typeError
3. • List object require more memory
   • Touple objects require less memory
4. • List object won't be reusable
   • Touple object are reusable
5. • Performance of list is low i.e operation of list object require more time
   • Performance of touple is high i.e operations on touple object required less time
6. • Comprehension concept is applicable for list
   • Comprehension concept is not applicable for touple
7. • list objects are unhashable types and hece we cannot store in set, in dict as key
   • Touple object are hashable type and hence we can store in set and in dict as key
8. • If the content is not fixed and keep on changing then it is recommended to go fore list object - eg to store youtube comments
   • if the content is fixed and nerver changes then we should go for touple object
     • eg Allowed input value for vender machine
9. • Unpacking is possible in list but packing is not possible
   • l = a,b,c,d,e -> it is not list
   • a,b,c,d,e = l -> valid
   • Both packing and unpacking are possible in touple Q7. Q What is the difference between set and frozenset?

• All proerty of set and frozenset are same except the following difference.
• Set is mutable where as frozenset is immutable
• We can add new elements to the set as it is mutable
• As frozenset is mutable, add, remove such type of terminology is nit applicablee.

set

s = {10, 20, 30, 40} s.add(50) print(s) s = {10, 20, 30, 40}

fs = frozenset(s) fs.add(50) print(fs) # Attribute error

Q8. What is different between List and Dist ?

S.No	List	Dict
1	List is group of a comma sepaarated invidiual	Dict is a group of comma separated key - value pair
	objects within square brackets	courly bracy d = {'A': 'APPLE;}
	eg l = [10, 20, 30]
2	Insertion order is preserved	In dict,all key -value pair will be stored based on
		hashcode of key & hence insertion order is not
		functionality. 'Hence from 3.7 version onwords in the
		case of normal dict also insertion order can be
		guranted.

3. • In List,, DUplicate object are allowed
   • In Dict, Duplicate keys are not allowed, but values can be dublicated. if we are trying to add an entry with key-value with dublicate key then old value will be replaced with new value
4. • In list we can access objects by using index,which is zero based i.e index of dirst object is zero
   • In dict we can access value by using keys
5. • In list objects need not be hashable
   • but IB DIct, key must be hashable

Q9. What is the difference between List and Set?

1. • List is a group of comma seprated individual objects with in square brackets eg l = [10,20,30]
   • Set is a group of comma seprated individaul object with in curly brakets eg l = {10,20,30}
2. • Duplicate objects are allowed.
   • Duplicate objects are not allowed
3. • Insertion order is presved
   • Insertion order is not presved objects will be inserted based on hashcode.
4. • Object need not hashable.
   • Object should be hashable. 5 - Indexing and slicing concepts are applicable for list.
   • Indexing and slicing concept are not applicable for set

Q10. Explain Slice Operator and its syntax?

If we want to access part(piece or slice) of given sequence, then we should go for slice operator. The sequence can be string ot list or touplce etc.

Syntax

---

s[begin: end: step]

• Step value can be either postive or negative (but not zero)
• If step value is postive, then we have consider from begin index to end-1 index in forword direction
• If step values is negative, then we have to consider from begin index to end +1 index backword direction.

NOTE:

• In forword direction if end value is 0, then the result is always empty.
• In bakword direction if end value is -1, then the result is always empty. eg s='abcdefghij' s[1:6:2]--> 'bdf' s[7:4:-1]--> 'hgf' s='abcdefghij' print(s[1:6:2]) s[7:4:-1]

Q11 Whar is the diffterent between *args and **kwargs

• *args -> variable length arguments

  def f1(*args):
pass
f1(*args)
  

• If a function with *args argument, then we can call that function by passing any number of values including zero number with all these values tuple will be created.

  def f1(*args):
print(args)
f1(),f1(10),f1(10,20).....
  

• **kwargs -> Variable length keyword arguments ` f(**kwargs):

• We can call this function by passing any number of keyword arguments including zero number and with all these keyword arguments a dictionary will be created. def f1(**kwargs)
print(kwargs)
f1('name'='d','roll'=101)

Q12 How to reverse string by using slice opertor?

s[::-1]

Q What is different between dir() and help() function?

• dir()
• dir() function just list out all members module But help() function provides documentation related to that module

  `import math`<br>
  
  `print(dir(math))`# return list of all member
  

  • help(math)
    

print(dir()) # curent module information

Note:

• dir() => Without argument, it will list out all members of specified module.
• dir(module_name) => With argumetn, it will list out all members of specified module

eg1

import math

print(dir(math)) print(dir())

Q What is lambda function or Anonymous function?

• Sometines we can declare afunction without any name, such type of nameless functions are called anonymous functions or lambda functions.

• The main objective of anonymous dunction is just for instant use

Normal Function

---

We can define function by using def keyword. def sqareit(n):
return n*n

Lamda Function

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we can define anonymous function by using lamda keyword. Syntax of Lambda Function

lambda arguments: expression
lambda → The keyword to define a lambda function.

arguments → Inputs to the function (can be multiple, separated by commas). expression → A single expression evaluated and returned.

Example 1: Basic Lambda Function

square = lambda x: x ** 2
print(square(5))  # Output: 25

Equivalent to:

def square(x):
    return x ** 2

Example 2: Lambda with Multiple Arguments

add = lambda a, b: a + b
print(add(3, 7))  # Output: 10

Example 3: Lambda in Sorting Sorting a list of tuples by the second element:

data = [(1, 3), (2, 2), (4, 1)]
data.sort(key=lambda x: x[1])
print(data)  # Output: [(4, 1), (2, 2), (1, 3)]

Example 4: Using Lambda with map(), filter(), and reduce()

1. Using map() to apply a function to a list

numbers = [1, 2, 3, 4]
squared = list(map(lambda x: x ** 2, numbers))
print(squared)  # Output: [1, 4, 9, 16]

2. Using filter() to filter values

nums = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]
evens = list(filter(lambda x: x % 2 == 0, nums))
print(evens)  # Output: [2, 4, 6]

3. Using reduce() from functools

from functools import reduce
nums = [1, 2, 3, 4]
product = reduce(lambda x, y: x * y, nums)
print(product)  # Output: 24

When to Use Lambda Functions? ✅ Short and simple operations ✅ Inline usage (e.g., sorting, filtering, mapping) ✅ Avoiding unnecessary function definitions

https://github.com/learning-zone/python-basics